摘要：随着我国经济的持续快速发展，人们对高层建筑的功能要求趋向于多样化、综合化和全面化。于是，带转换层的建筑结构孕育而生，并在近年来得到较为广泛的应用。

Abstract:alongwiththesustainedandrapiddevelopmentofeconomyinourcountry,peopletothefunctionalrequirementofthehigh-risebuildingstendtobediversified,integratedandcomprehensive.So,bornwithconversionlayerstructureofbreeds,andhavebecomemorewidelyusedinrecentyears.　　关键词：高层建筑；转换层；施工Keywords:high-risebuildings;Thetransformationlayer;Theconstruction　　1高层建筑结构转换层1high-risebuildingconversionlayersstructure　　按照不同的结构转换功能，转换层可分为三种类型：①高层建筑上层与下层的结构形式不同，通过转换层完成其从上层至下层不同结构形式的变化。②高层建筑上层与下层的结构形式不变，但通过转换层完成其从上层到下层不同柱网轴线布置的变化。③通过转换层同时完成高层建筑上层与下层结构形式与柱网轴线布置的变化。Accordingtothedifferentstructuretransformation,transformationlayercanbedividedintothreetypes:(1)highbuildingstructureformoftheupperandthelowerisdifferent,throughthetransformationlayertocompleteitsdifferentstructureformsofchangefromtheuppertothelower.(2)thehighbuildingstructureformoftheupperandthelowerischangeless,butthroughthetransformationlayertocompleteitsdifferentfromtheuppertothelowercolumngridlinelayoutchanges.(3)throughthetransformationlayercompletehigh-risebuildingatthesametimetheupperandthelowerstructurewiththeaxisofthecolumngridlayoutchanges.　　为实现高层建筑内部上、下层结构形式与柱网（或剪力墙轴线网）的变化，经常采用以下的结构转换形式：①梁式转换。②板式转换层。板的厚度一般很大，以形成厚板式承台转换层。它的下层柱网可以灵活布置，不必严格与上层结构对齐，但板很厚，自重很大，材料用量很多。Fortallbuildingsinside,thelowerstructurewithcolumngrid(network)orshearwallaxischanges,oftenusethefollowingformofstructuraltransformation:(1)beamtransformation.(2)platetransformationlayer.Thethicknessoftheplatearelarge,toformathickplatecaptransformationlayer.Itcanlowercolumngridofflexiblearrangement,don"thavetobestrictlyalignedwiththeupperstructure,buttheplateisverythick,theweightisverybig,materialconsumption.　　2工程实例及施工要点Twoengineeringexamplesandkeypointsforconstruction　　2.1工程概况。温州市百里东路改建工程安置房1-11号楼，工程总占地面积32295.92m2，总建筑面积158879m2，地下室一层17392m2，底部一、二层为大开间商场（写字楼），三层为架空结构转换层,上部为住宅。转换层为梁式转换，最大框支梁KZL-01断面1100×1800、KZL-21断面1000×2000。模板及支撑体系由18mm厚木复合模板、50×100方木、Φ48钢管、扣件等组成，经过取最大断面框支梁KZL-21进行模板及支撑系统计算能满足砼施工荷载要求。2.1projectsummary.Wenzhouineastroadrebuildingproject1-11housingbuilding,theprojectcoversanareaof32295.92m2,totalconstructionareaof158879m2,alayerof17392m2,thebasementone,thesecondislargerspaceatthebottomoftheshoppingmall(office),threelayersfortheoverheadstructuretransformationlayer,upperforresidence.Conversionlayerforthebeam,thelargestboxbeamKZL-01section21section1000x1100x1800,KZL-2000.Templateandthesupportsystemconsistsof18mmthickcompositetemplate,50*100squaretimber,Φ48steelpipes,fastenersandsoon,aftertakingthelargestcross-sectionboxbeamKZL-21teams"templateandsupportsystemcansatisfytherequirementofconcreteconstructionloadcalculation.　　2.2梁模及支撑体系。由于框支梁断面大，自重大，对梁模支撑体系要求必须很高。模板支撑体系必须编制专项施工方案，请专家进行会审，并严格按照方案实施。经对最大断面KZL-21框支梁模板及支撑体系计算，模板排架体系能满足砼施工荷载要求。所以框支梁排架支撑体系均参照KZL-21框支梁计算要求搭设，具体方法①根据KZL-21框支梁计算值，所有框支梁顺梁的长方向立杆间距300mm，垂直于梁长度方向立杆间距不大于300mm。②由于框支梁部位的施工荷载大于下一层楼板的设计荷载，所以在所有梁底模顺着梁的长度方向支撑立杆下端设置槽钢作为枕木，减轻立杆的集中荷铺设，对下层楼面的影响。③考虑立杆垂直方向受力存在偏心距，在排架搭设过程中所用的水平钢管应在立杆两侧交差布置，不应在立杆的同一侧布置。顶板排架立杆间距取框支梁长度主向立杆间距的双倍数。④立杆排架搭设好以后，在排架下端设一道水平拉结扫地杆，再向上按不大于1500mm设置水平拉杆，并与顶板排架连结。每一把梁排架立杆沿梁的长度方向设置二道剪力撑，垂直于梁的长度方向每间隔2400mm设剪力撑并与顶板排架立杆拉结，这样使梁排架与顶板排架连成整体，增加稳定性。⑤梁底模内楞布置根据立杆的布置情况，在立杆间铺设50×100m木方，其净间距不得大于100mm。梁侧模内楞间距不得大于200mm，外楞间距不得大于430mm。2.2LiangMoandsupportingsystem.Since,becauseofthelargeframesupportedbeamcrosssection,theLiangMosupportsystemrequirementsmustbehigh.Templatesupportsystemmustpreparespecialconstructionscheme,pleaseexpertscame,andinstrictaccordancewiththeplantoimplement.Afterthemaximumcross-sectionKZL-21boxbeamtemplateandsupportsystem,templateshelvingsystemcansatisfytherequirementofconcreteconstructionload.SosupportedbeambentframesupportingsystemarereferenceKZL-21box-girdercalculationrequirementssetspecificmethods(1)accordingtoKZL-21boxbeamcomputedvalues,allofboxLiangShunliangstudspacingis300mm,lengthdirectionperpendiculartothelengthofthebeampolingdirectiondistancenotgreaterthan300mm.(2)becausetheconstructionofboxbeampartloadisgreaterthanthedesignofthefloorunderaload,andsoonallbeambottomalongthelengthdirectionofthebeamsupportingthelowerpolingsetchannelsteelassleepers,lightenthepolingofconcentratedloadlaid,effectsonthelowerfloor.(3)consideringthepolingdirectionverticalforceexisteccentricity,andintheprocessofthebentframebuildlevelusedinthesteelpipeshouldbeonbothsidesofpolingajobarrangement,shouldnotbedecoratedinthesamesideoftheverticalpole.Shelvingroofstudspacingformainframesupportedbeamlengthtodoublestudspacingratio.Set-upaftergood,(4)verticalrodbentinshelvingsetabottomlevelRachelsweepingbar,pressnogreaterthan1500mmsetthehorizontaltieup,connectwithroofracks.Everybeambentpolingdirectionsettwowayshearalongthebeamlength,thelengthoftheverticalbeamdirectioneveryintervalof2400mmsetshearbraceandwithshelvingroofbarRachel,thiscausesthebeambentandbentframerooftenttogetherasawhole,increasestability.(5)beambottommouldlayoutaccordingtothearrangementofpoling,50x100mbetweenstudlaidwoodsquare,thenetspacingshallnotbegreaterthan100mm.Beamsideformstareblanklyspacingshallnotbegreaterthan200mm,insideoutsidestareblanklyspacingshallnotbegreaterthan430mm.　　⑥梁侧模固定所用的Φ14对拉螺栓水平间距400mm，垂直间跨不得大于450mm，固定模板所用螺帽均采用双螺帽，以防螺杆丝口滑丝。由于对拉螺栓比较密集，考虑对结构受力将会造成影响，经与设计探讨确定，框支梁中所用的对拉螺栓均为一次性投资，不应埋设套管。⑦在砼浇注时，应安排技术人员，仔细检查排架支撑体系在砼浇注过程中的稳定状况，确保在第一时间发现浇注过程中的异常情况，进行合理的调整加固。Beamsideform6fixedΦ14ofboltusedinthehorizontalspacingis400mm,betweentheverticalcrossshallnotbegreaterthan450mm,fixedtemplateusednutsadoptdoublenut,screwwiremouthslidingwireincase.Becausetheboltisdense,consideringstructurewillimpact,determinedbywayofanddesignstudy,boxusedinabeamofboltareone-timeinvestment,shouldnotbeembeddedcasing.Alllandownersinconcretepouring,itshallarrangetechnicalpersonnel,carefullycheckthebentframesupportingsysteminstableconditionintheprocessofconcretepouring,toensurethatinthefirsttimefoundtheabnormalsituationintheprocessofpouring,reasonableadjustmentofthecarton.3框支梁柱钢筋帮扎3boxbeamsreinforcedtohelpMr　　3.1节点处理：框支柱顶部节点钢筋通常比较密集，应做好施工措施，确保砼浇注质量。为尽量改良钢筋密集的状况，可将梁上部钢筋（宜取第一排钢筋）与柱端外皮纵筋机械连接；当柱纵筋直径大于梁筋直径时，接头设在梁内；反之则设在梁底以下的柱段内。接头位置应符合规范或设计关于钢筋连接的要求。其它未连通的柱筋、梁筋尚应满足各自的锚固要求。节点处理应从钢筋下料长度开始，各种构件截面内的钢筋弯起方向、长度等均应事先考虑周全，尽量避免节点处钢筋过密。3.1nodeprocessing:steelpillarboxatthetopofthenodestendtobedense,shoulddowelltheconstructionmeasurestoensurethequalityoftheconcretepouring.Toimprovereinforceddenseconditionsasfaraspossible,buttheupperreinforcementbeam(YiQureinforced)inthefirstrowandtheskinattheendofthelongitudinalreinforcementmechanicalconnection;Whenthecolumnlongitudinalreinforcementlargediameterreinforcementbeamdiameter,withinthejointinbeam;Converselyinbeamunderthebottomofcolumnsection.Jointlocationshouldconformtotherequirementsofthespecificationordesignofreinforcedconnection.Othercolumnreinforcement,notconnectedbeamreinforcementisshouldsatisfytheiranchoragerequirements.Nodetreatmentshouldbestarted,lengthofreinforcedmaterialundervariouscomponentswithinthecrosssectionofreinforcedbendingdirection,length,etc.Shallbethoughtfulinadvanceandtrytoavoidnodereinforcement.3.2钢筋绑扎：框支梁上层钢筋垂直锚固长度超过梁高度的，以及下层部分向下弯的钢筋先行绑扎，然后将其固定就位，确保在浇筑砼时不发生位移。待三层局部柱、墙板砼浇筑完毕后，再帮扎板筋，严格按照设计要求将绑扎接头错开。3.2steelbinding:boxbeamtopbarsverticalanchoragelengthoverthebeamheight,andtiedownthelowerpartofcurvedsteelbar,andthenshouldbefixedinplace,toensurethatatthetimeofpouringconcreteonthem.Threelayerpartialcolumns,wallplateafterthecompletionofconcretecasting,againforplatereinforcement,instrictaccordancewiththedesignrequirementswillstaggerbindingjoint.　　3.3钢筋连接时应采用机械连接，上层剪力墙插筋应采用帮扎固定，严禁与框支梁框支柱的受力钢筋焊接（或点焊）。3.3steelbarconnectionshouldusemechanicalconnection,theuppershearwallsteeldowelshouldbeadoptedtohelpfirmfixation,withnoboxbeamframepillar"sstresssteelwelding(spotwelding).　　3.4对各种预留洞应严格按照设计要求进行加固，安装专业的管线敷设应尽量避免个别位置过度集中的情况出现，要确保不影响砼的浇注质量。3.4ofallthereservedholeshouldbeinstrictaccordancewiththedesignrequirementsforreinforcement,professionalinstallationofpipelinelayingshouldavoidexcessiveconcentrationofindividualposition,toensurethatdoesnotaffectthepouringoftheconcretequality.　　4砼浇筑Fourconcretecasting　　4.1由于设计要求框支梁采用刚纤维砼，框支柱和楼板则采用普通砼，这给现场施工缝的留置和处理造成了一定的困难。为了确保框支梁、框支柱砼的浇筑质量，经过设计同意，在尽量减少施工缝的前提下，框支梁钢纤维砼浇注到板底10cm处，可设置水平施工缝。4.1duetothedesignrequirementsforboxbeamusingjustfiberconcrete,normalconcreteframepillarandfloorisused,itgivestheconstructionjointindwellingandhandlinghascausedsomedifficulties.Tomakesurethattheframebeam,pillarboxconcretecastingquality,agreethroughdesign,onthedecreaseasfaraspossibleunderthepremiseofconstructionjoint,boxjoiststeelfiberconcretepouringtotheplatebottom10cm,canbesetuphorizontalconstructionjoints.　　4.2在不同标号砼交接处安装钢丝网片分隔，确保低标号砼不流入框支构件内。编排好不同标号砼的输送顺序和方量，采用不同的输送泵输送。4.2installthewiremeshindifferentgradeconcretejunctionspace,toensurethatthelowstrengthconcretedoesnotflowintotheboxcomponent.Layoutandsequencefordifferentgradeconcretevolume,differentpumpdelivery.　　4.3由于框支梁钢筋多且密集，对砼浇筑带来很大难度，所以考虑先将三层局部框支柱、墙板砼浇至框支梁底20cm处，待上部框支梁钢筋绑扎结束，框支梁施工逢以下砼与三层部位墙板、柱、板砼分别浇筑。4.3becausetheboxbeamreinforcementandmoreintensive,tobringgreatdifficultytoconcretecasting,soconsiderthefirstthreelayersoflocalpillarbox,wallboardconcretepouringtoboxbeambottom20cm,staytheupperboxbeamandsteelbindingend,boxbeamconstructionteamforthefollowingconcretewiththethreepartsofthewallplate,column,slabconcretepouring,respectively.　　4.4由于框支梁钢筋笼自重较重，梁底无法采用普通的保护层垫块支撑，经设计同意后，采用与梁筋同直径的短钢筋段，作为垫块帮扎到梁筋外边缘，但应注意作为垫块钢筋段的不应过长（约20cm左右），严禁沿梁宽方向通长铺垫。4.4becausetheboxbeamreinforcingcagetheheavierweight,beambottomcannotadoptcommonprotectivelayerpadsupport,aftertheapprovalofthedesign,useandthediameterofthebeamreinforcedwithshortsteelsection,asablocktohelpfirmtobeamreinforcementoutsideedge,butshouldpayattentiontoasablockofsteelshouldnotbetoolong(20cm),itisforbiddentopassalongbeambreadthdirectionlong.　　4.5对浇注完成的构件应及时覆盖浇水养护，确保养护时间不少于14天。浇水养护时，应同时对板、梁、柱等构件进行养护。4.5topouringcompletedcomponentsshouldcoverwaterconservation,intimetoensurethatthemaintenancetimeisnotlessthan14days.Waterconservation,andartifactsformaintenanceonplates,beams,columns,etc.　　经过精心的组织，严格的控制，转换层的观感和实测质量均完成的比较理想，根据高层综合楼建筑功能的需要，选择适宜的结构转换层，不但可以节省材料用量，节省建造费用。同时灵活的将建筑与结构统一，实现建筑使用功能和优美观感的和谐发展。Passeselaborateorganization,strictcontrolofthelookandfeeloftheconversionlayerandmeasuredqualityfinishoftheideal,accordingtotheneedsofhigh-risecomplexbuildingconstructionfeaturesandchooseappropriatetransformationlayerstructure,notonlycansavethematerialusage,saveconstructioncosts.Flexibleunifyingarchitectureandstructureatthesametime,realizetheharmoniousdevelopmentofthebuildingusefunctionandbeautifullookandfeel.